The dopamine stereotype is not just reserved to the jauntier sections of the tabloid press. It can also be used as a way of making any of your views sound scientific. It's a simple formula — if you disagree with something, just say it releases dopamine and imply it must be dangerously addictive.
Forbes magazine recently ran an article claiming that America's gun culture could be due to firearm addiction because dopamine is released, it claimed, when a shot is fired "meaning not only are guns addictive, but automatic weaponry is far more addictive than most".
It was clearly just a smokescreen for the views of gun-hating liberals. Now at this point, some of you may be worrying that I'm about to pour cold water on the pop science party and forever banish booty to the gossip columns, but I like to think that knowing the details is a more like putting acid in the punch bowl.
When you can see how weird dopamine really is, a whole new world opens up. Dopamine is indeed involved in addiction, but it isn't a "pleasure chemical". In fact, dopamine has lots of functions in the brain — being involved in everything from regulating movement to the control of attention. In great part, its effects depend on which of the brain's pathways it is operating in.
The wonderfully named tuberoinfundibular pathway regulates hormone release and is important in stimulating the production of breast milk. This is why an unfortunate side-effect of antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia, which primarily alters the dopamine system, can be lactation, even in men. But when you hear about dopamine in the press, it's usually a vague reference to the role of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway — a small but important brain tract that connects a deep brain area called the nucleus accumbens to the frontal lobes.
Even here, however, dopamine has differing effects because while the chemical is the same, there are various forms of receptors that detect the presence of dopamine but do something different, depending on their type. Medication errors are defined as any error in the delivery process, whether there are any adverse consequences or not [ 1 ]. In the present case report, we describe an accidental intrathecal injection of dopamine hydrochloride DA which has not been previously reported in human.
We were blinded to the fact due to the analgesic and anesthetic effects that seemed to have been achieved after the injection of DA.
A 76 year-old man was scheduled for closed reduction and internal fixation of an intertrochanteric fracture of the right femur. His medical history included diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic renal failure with maintenance hemodialysis for the last 4 years. The preoperative pulmonary function test revealed a severe restrictive respiratory disorder.
We decided to apply a spinal anesthesia for his operation. Electrocardiogram, BP, heart rate HR and arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation were measured after the patient was brought to the operating room. A spinal anesthesia was performed at the L interspace with the patient in a left lateral position using a gauge Quinke tip needle. The drug ampule assumed to content of 0.
Five minutes later, he was not able to sense cold sensation alcohol swab and pain blunt needle below T10 level and the surgery began. In 30 minutes after incision, he complained of mild pain at the incision site. Anesthesia was maintained using 0. We performed an arterial cannulation at the left radial artery and continuously monitored the arterial pressure.
The surgery lasted for 1 hour and the LMA was removed thereafter. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit ICU for observation. Thirty minutes later, he complained of severe pain VAS 7 which required additional analgesia. His pain was subsided after intravenous injection of ug fentanyl. The motor and sensory functions that were examined by a neurologist at the ICU showed unremarkable findings. Twenty four hours later, the patient was transferred to the general ward. After two weeks of observation, he was discharged without any adverse events.
In spite of our recommendation, he did not revisit the hospital within 1 month after discharge. If apomorphine injection does get on your skin or in your eyes, immediately wash your skin or flush your eyes with cold water. You can inject apomorphine in your stomach area, upper arm, or upper leg.
Do not inject into a vein or in an area where the skin is sore, red, bruised, scarred, infected, or abnormal in any way. Use a different spot for each injection, choosing from among the spots you have been told to use. Keep a record of the date and spot of each injection. Do not use the same spot two times in a row. Always look at your apomorphine solution before you inject it.
It should be clear, colorless, and free of particles. Do not use apomorphine if it is cloudy, green, contains particles, or if the expiration date on the carton has passed. Keep a record of how much apomorphine injection you use each time you receive an injection so that you will know when to replace the medication cartridge.
You may clean your apomorphine injector pen with a damp cloth as needed. Never use strong disinfectants or wash your pen under running water. This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. Some laboratory animals that were given apomorphine injection developed eye disease. It is not known if apomorphine injection increases the risk of eye disease in humans. Talk to your doctor about the risks of using this medication. Apomorphine may cause other side effects.
Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while using this medication. Keep this medication in the cartridge it came in and out of reach of children. Store it in the carrying case at room temperature and away from light, excess heat and moisture not in the bathroom.
Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program.
It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers such as weekly pill minders and those for eye drops, creams, patches, and inhalers are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. To protect young children from poisoning, always lock safety caps and immediately place the medication in a safe location — one that is up and away and out of their sight and reach. In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can't be awakened, immediately call emergency services at It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription over-the-counter medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements.
You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital.
It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies. Apomorphine Injection pronounced as a poe mor' feen. Why is this medication prescribed? How should this medicine be used? Other uses for this medicine What special precautions should I follow? What special dietary instructions should I follow?
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